BarChris Construction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BarChris Construction - Case Study Example The misappropriated entries included current assets having a 15% overstatement of $609,689; 42% understatement in contingent liabilities amounting to $618,853; gross profit overstatement of $230,755; $519,810 worth of sales’ overstatement; undisclosed loans to officers totaling to $386,615; and an overstatement in backlog of orders among other figures. Auditing involves the application of accounting principles as they relate to costs and revenues. Following the sale and leaseback cases, the judge’s argument that the gain on the debentures was improper is misleading since this approach is accepted in GAAP. Although the customers who acquired the leaseback properties incurred overwhelming arrears on their discounted notes, it is not considered a reasonable standard for auditors to concern themselves with the effects of business strategies of the companies they audit. Hence, as earlier stated, the auditors’ responsibility is to access, point, question, and report on accounting activities and not on investment or business strategies associated with the gains (United States District Court, 1968). The case of Berardi places himself at the center of blame for the problems associated with BarChart’s accounting misappropriations. The merits of blaming Berardi for the problems facing BarChris include his inability to dedicate more time to review the results of the S-1 review, the hiring of an inexperienced accountant, and concealing of information such as loans to officers. In order to rectify these causes of the primary problems, Berardi could have hired a qualified accountant, should have dedicated more time to review accounts, and conducted regular internal audits (United States District Court, 1968). United States District Court. (1968). Escott v. Barchris Construction Corporation 283 F. Supp. 643 (S.D.N.Y. 1968). Accessed online on February

Gluconeogenesis: Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphatase Deficiency

Gluconeogenesis: Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphatase Deficiency Ashley Woodin Introduction Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate is a key regulatory step in gluconeogenesis, as well as many other intracellular metabolic pathways. During gluconeogenesis there is an important process in which there is a conversion of glucose to pyruvate which is known as glycolysis. This process will require three irreversible steps that have a very high negative free energy that is in the forward reaction. So, in order to have a conversion from pyruvate into glucose, the pathway will require the use of enzymes, which will allow the bypassing of these irreversible steps. One of the enzymes that is used in this process is called Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase (Kelley, 2006). This step is a very important step in gluconeogenesis, being that it needs to have fructose bisphosphatase to catalyze the conversion of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate into fructose 6-phospahate, and inorganic phosphate, that without it can block the pathway. Its activity is high regulated by the levels of Adenosine Monophosphate, fructos e 2, 6-bisphosphate and also citrate (Kelley, 2006). When deficiencies are present in this pathway and devoid of this conversion, glycerol into glucose, it will lead to fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis and other physiological conditions. This enzyme is highly active within the liver and the intestines. Therefore, when the liver glycogen stores are no longer available, the physical properties of the body will fight for its homeostasis (Eren, 2013) by converting a three carbon based molecule such as non-carbohydrate precursors, like lactate, glycerol as well as pyruvate, in order to maintain blood glucose levels (Eren, 2013). There is a physiological change in the body there is a need for glucose to be synthesized. When there is a high demand upon glucose synthesizes, the gluconeogenic pathway is increased exponentially. This demand typically occurs during high cardio, pregnancy and lactation (Wallace, 2002). There can also be an increase demand upon gluconeogenesis when the body is in a fasting state (Wallace,2002). Hypoglycemia has a high dependence upon gluconeogenesis formation, because it is the key metabolic pathway which will protect this physiological problem. Moreover, hypoglycemia is a very life-threating situation. Within the gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway, Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase is very crucial; as it aids in biochemical reactions and many of the physiological functions of the body. Structure and Properties Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with six carbon sugar molecules is also known as the Harden-young ester, it has fructose sugars which are phosphorylated on the C1 and C6 (Diwan, 2006). However, before this step can be achieved it needs to start from the beginning in gluconeogenesis. It is important to note that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are not reversed pathways. It’s clear to see that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis will have a lot of the same enzymes embedded within each other; however these two functional pathways are not the reverse of each other. Moreover, the irreversible steps, that are high exergonic, in glycolysis are bypassed in the gluconeogenesis pathway (Berg JM, 2002). In fact, each of the pathways is so tightly controlled by the intercellular as well as the intracellular signals, and they are highly regulated so that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis will not occur in the same cell at the same time (Berg JM, 2002). Looking at the glyconeogenic pathway the ability to see that there is a conversion of pyruvate into glucose (Berg JM, 2002). These conversions are achieved by Non-carbohydrate precursors of glucose, in which they are either first being converted into pyruvate, or they will enter the pathway at later pathway intermediates like oxaloacetate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate . There are currently three major non-carbohydrate precursors that are looked at, and they are lactate, amino acids, and glycerol. The first (1) precursor stated above is lactate, it has a formation that is by the active skeletal muscle, this occurs at a when the rate of glycolysis has reach its maximum of the oxidative metabolism (Berg JM, 2002). The amino acids with a carbon skeleton (Brandt, 2003) are derived from the amount of proteins that are in the diet, as well as starvation, from the breaking down of the proteins that are housed within the skeletal muscle (Berg JM, 2002). Lastly, the glycerol will obtain fat cells by the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols which wi ll yield glycerol as well as the lipids (Berg JM, 2002). As stated above, before looking at fructose-1,6-bisphosphate the beginning steps in gluconeogenesis needs to be looked at. Biosynthesis. We began synthesis by looking at the glycolysis pathway, there are a lot of enzymes that are used to synthesize glucose from a pyruvate stage. There are three reactions in glycolysis which we termed irreversible (specifically those catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase) are not used in gluconeogenesis synthesis (Selinsky, 2002). These three (3) reactions of Glycolysis have such a large negative delta G in the forward direction that they are essentially irreversible, which is why bypass is used by enzymes in order for them to be synthesize. The delta G will make a determination of the proper direction of the carbon flow through the pathway (Brandt, 2003). Gluconeogenesis needs to be more exergonic, so in order to make that happened six ATPs are consumed (Miles, 2003).The first step or bypass, is by converting 3 carbon pyruvate into 4 carbon intermediate oxaloacetate , biotin-requiring reaction catalyzed (King, 2014), this is called pyruvate carboxylate (Sel insky, 2002). This mitochondrial enzyme will convert the pyruvate into oxaloacetate. Pyruvate carboxylase is a mitochondrial. The biotin is interconnected heavily as it is bound to the amino group covalently on the lysine side chain of the pyruvate carboxylase (Brandt, 2003).   Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes formation between the biotin (Biotin has a 5-carbon side chain whose terminal carboxyl is in an amide linkage to the e-amino group of a lysine of the enzyme (Diwan, 2007)), and carbon dioxide carbonate by having a covalent bond. When there is a reaction that is ATP- dependent, the carbonate will then be put into action and transferred to the pyruvate substrate, in order to make a molecule oxaloacetate (Brandt, 2003). the high and low amount of concentration of acetyl CoA and ATP will ultimately decide is the oxaloacetic acid will survive or diminish (Ophardt, 2003). If there is a lower amount of acetyl- CoA and higher concentrations of ATP than the pathway will continue (Ophardt, 2003). A Transport of oxaloacetate out of mitochondria Oxaloacetate Malate NADH + H + NAD + Malate Oxaloacetate NADH + H + NAD + Inner mito are seen in this first bypass step. The Using a specific enzyme the Oxaloacetate will now be able to be converted into phosphoenolpyruvate , by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Selenski, 2005). This Mg ²+ enzyme will require is GTP being the donor for when there is the possibility for a phosphoryl transfer reaction, thus losing the loss of a CO ² molecule. Therefore, within this first step bypass synthesis, the reaction has gone from, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, and overall one (1) ATP is gained. In returning to phosphoenolpyruvate from pyruvate, the equivalent of 2 ATP must be consumed (Selinsky, 2002). Note that the CO ² that was gained in the pyruvate in the beginning of the pyruvate carboxylase step, has now been loss in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The second (2) bypass Now, to go from phosphoenolpyruvate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate into 6-bisphosphate, with this reaction the same reaction can be used, entirely by the concentrations of substrates and products (Selinsky, 2002). Because the reaction being exponentially endergonic, thus irreversible, the transition from the fructose 6-phosphate uses a catalyst from a different Mg ² + enzyme called the dependent fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase, (Lehninger, ) This will promote an irreversible hydrolysis at the C-1 phosphate (Lehninger,). This is the third (3) bypass of gluconeogenesis which is the final step and in most tissues gluconeogenesis would end at the fructose 6-phosphate which was generated by fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase being converted into glucose 6-phosphate. So, basically instead of having free glucose being generated, glucose 6-phosphate would be converted in glycogen ( Tymoczko, 2013). In this final step of gluconeogenesis, free glucose is will take shelter in the liver. Glucose 6-phosphate is then transported into the lumen if the endoplasmic recticulum, thus it is then hydrolyzed to glucose by the glucose 6-phosphatase (Tymoczko, 2013). Note that each of the step reactions that have been achieved, to the formation of glucose from pyruvate is considered energetically unfavorable, unless there are coupling reactions which are favorable (Tymoczko, 2013). In the end of this biosynthesis there are six (6) nucleoside triphosphate molecules that have been hydrolyzed in order to achieved a synthesize of glucose from pyruvate (Tymoczko, 2013). Regulation Gluconeogenesis is highly regulated by a series of regulations. The steps are broken down and now they have to be a regulation in gluconeogenesis. It is obvious that it’s going to have a direct correlation contrast to glycolysis. Consider the first stage in which energy is needed (Tymoczko, 2014). The main site of regulations is seen when the there is a regulation in the activity of PFK-1 and F1,6BPase and this would be the most important site for the controlling of the flux which is toward glucose oxidation or even when there is glucose synthesis. As described in control of glycolysis, this is predominantly controlled by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, F2,6BP which is a powerful negative allosteric effector of F1,6Bpase activity (King, 2004). â€Å"Acetyl CoA is an allosteric effector of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Acetyl-CoA inhibits pyruvate kinase and reciprocally activates pyruvate carboxylase (Miles,2003). Second, insulin and glucagon are very important when regulating pathway (Wallace,2002). There will be a decline in the response to the glucagon stimulation, when the level of Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate decline in the hepatocytes (King, 2014). Once these signals are stimulated the signals will be excited through an activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (King, 2014). Both the PFK2 and fructose bisphosphatase are present in the 55-kd polypeptide chain (Tymoczko, 2013). here is a substrate enzyme which is bifunctional (King, 2014) which contains a N-terminal regulatory domain (Tymoczko, 2013) being responsible for the synthesis of the hydrolysis of fructose 2, 6- bisphosphate and that is the protein kinase a phosphatase domain. Therefore once the PFK-2 is phosphorylated by PKA it will start to dephosphorlate, by acting as a phosphatase (King, 2014). â€Å"AMP will ultimately enhances the inhibition of Fructose-2,6-BP. Note that these allosteric effectors of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase all are allosteric effectors of phosphofructokinase (Miles, 2003). These effectors reciprocally regulate both enzymes. Furthermore, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphase once it’s active, its activity will be highly regulated by the ATP to ADP concentration (Tymoczko, 2014). When this is high then gluconeogenesis can proceed to its highest potential. PROKARYOTES VERSUS EUKARYOTES Gluconeogenesis conversion happens in both the eukaryotic and prokaryotes, however it is very important to know its difference. In eukaryotes the lactate that is formed anaerobically within the muscles will be converted to glucose in liver and kidney, thus being stored as glycogen or even being released as blood glucose (Davis, 2014). In prokaryotes the production of the G3P product of photosynthesis will be converted in a starch form and then further stored in the chloroplasts or even being converted into glucose and sucrose, where it is then exported to the other tissues for starch storage (Davis, 2014). As stated above when it comes to the biosynthesis of all eukaryotes, it is an requirement for survival, because so much of the homeostasis of the body (e.g., the brain and the nervous system),glucose from the blood as the primary fuel source ( Nelson, 2012). Just alone the human brain will require as much as 120 g of glucose with a one day period (Nelson, 2012). When considering eukaryotes gluconeogenesis will primarly occur in the liver and also in the kidney but not much. In prokaryotes the seedlings, will find that it stores the fate and proteins, which are then converted into disaccharide sucrose foe the ability of transport throughout the plant that is developing (Nelson, 2012). â€Å"The glucose and its derivatives are precursors in the synthesis of plant cell walls, nucleotides and coenzymes, and a variety of other essential metabolites† (Nelson, 2012). There are many small organisms that are capable to grow on what are plain organic compounds like acetate, lactate, and propionate. They then will convert to glucose by gluconeogenesis (Nelson, 2012). Defects Pathway Although the pathway may be highly regulated, there are still possibilities for defects to occur. As stated in the beginning of this paper fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase is very crucial; as it aids in biochemical reactions and many of the physiological functions of the body. In the mechanism of fructose 1, 6- bisphosphatase, there is the Glu98 which will activate a molecule consisting of water. That water molecule will than attack the phosphorus atom on the 1-phosphate of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Kelly, 2006).â€Å"The hydrolysis of a phosphate ester can proceed through an intermediate of metaphosphate (dissociative mechanism) or through a trigonal bipryamidal transition state (associative mechanism)† (Kelly, 2006). Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) to D-fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), it is the very key to the eyzamatic process of gluconeogenesis (Sato, 2004). phosphofructokinase is also an important catalyze reaction, because it will catalyze the reverse reaction, â€Å"the phosphorylation of F6P during glycolysis, the unidirectional FBPase regulates the flux of sugar metabolism† (Sato,2004). Furthermore, the enzymatic block can lead to the high amount of accumulation of gluconeogenic precursors (e.g. certain amino acids, lactic acid, and ketoacids) (Kelley, 2006). Therefore, when there is a fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase deficiency is an inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder and a person would have what is called a severe lactic acidosis and also with a diagnose of hypoglycemia. Disease Population in the United States In the United States alone about 10 percent of this nations population is diagnosed with hypoglycemia, from the defect in the enzyme fructose 1, 6, bisphosphatase. This disease affects those who are typically obese and or have type 2 diabetes. In order to try and control the diseas population treatments are use, like Metformin. Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic reagent that has been used in the patients for over the past several years, in obese patients or overweight patients whose blood glucose levels cannot be controlled non-pharmacologically (Salpeter, 2010). â€Å"Fructose 1,6-BPase is a target for the development of drugs in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes, which afflicts over 15 million people in the United States† (Kelley, 2006). Today it is still unknown on how fructose-1, 6 bisphosphatase is genetically inherited, there are still ongoing studies. Some of the ongoing studies that were seen is if Reye syndrome and sudden infant death, have a direct correlation to a defect in this enzyme, however the research still continues. As stated above, the primary target for hypoglycemia is still heavily looked upon in the obese community, and overweight community, because they are more susceptible to getting diabetes. As see fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase is the key precursor for the gluconeogenesis pathway to occur. It is very important that the sugar intake is watch closely, when children are at a young age. According to a recent study, it is shown that fructose intolerant is seen in late infancy stage and only after they have a dietary ingestion of foods that are containing fructose or sucrose. Foods such as such as fruits, juices are the primary transportantion. The organs commonly affected by fructose bisphosphatase deficiency are liver, kidney cortex and intestinal mucos (Frazier, 2013). Overall Pathway of Gluconeogenesis Now, putting the metabolic pathway all together, Conclusion Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase is a very crucial enzyme to the continuance of gluconeogenesis regulation. With the literature that has been conducted, it lays out step by step why this metabolic biosynthesis pathway is vital to eukaryotic and prokaryotic. There are ways to combat this disease, and that is by maintaining a healthy diet. This entail will work to defeat the affects that this has on the population. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brandt, M. Amino Acid Breakdown. 2003. Retrieved from https://www.rose-hulman.edu/~brandt/Chem330/Amino_acid_breakdown.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W H Freeman; 2002. Chapter 16, Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis. Diwan, J. Gluconeogenesis: Regulation of Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis. Retrieved from http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/gluconeo.htm#intro. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Frazier D. Glycogen Storage Disease Laboratory. 2013. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.duke.edu/divisions/medical-genetics/biochemical-genetics-laboratory/glycogen-storage-disease-laboratory/tes-8. (accessed on December 5, 2014) 2014). King, M. Gluconeogenesis: Endogenous Glucose Synthesis. 2014. Retrieved from http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/gluconeogenesis.php#. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Kelley, M. Fructose 1-6 Bisphosphatase. Retrieved from http://faculty.uca.edu/mkelley/4121 Web pages/Student_Webpages_2006/Aanu ogunbanjo web things/The webbie.html. (Accessed December 5, 2014). UC Davis. 2013. Gluconeogenesis. Retrieved from http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/courses/bis/105/lectures/Gluconeogenesis.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Lehniger, Nelson, and Cox. Principles of Biochemistry. 2002. Retrieved from http://www.irb.hr/users/precali/Znanost.o.Moru/Biokemija/Literatura/Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox.pdf. (accessed on December 5, 2014). Miles, B. Gluconeogenesis. 2003. Retrieved from https://www.tamu.edu/faculty/bmiles/lectures/gluconeogenesis.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Ophart, C. Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, and Gluconeogenesis. 2003. Retrieved from http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/604glycogenesis.html. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Selinsky, B. Biosynthesis: Gluconeogenesis. 2005. Retrieved from http://www22.homepage.villanova.edu/barry.selinsky/CHM%204622/Carbohydrate%20II%20M16%2005.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Salpeter SR. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retrieved from http://www.bibliotecacochrane.com/pdf/CD002967.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Wallace C., Barritt G. Gluconeogenesis. 2002. Encyclopedia of life sciences: p:1-8. (Accessed December 5, 2014).

Faith and Reason in The Nineteenth Century Essay -- Essays Papers

Faith and Reason in The Nineteenth Century Throughout history, there have been many trends and patterns that have allowed humankind to learn from its mistakes. This reflection on the past is an important characteristic that distinguishes humans from all other life on earth. To make sure that humans do not fall into the same evil devices that our forefathers did, we must examine how our faith and reason has progressed through the past few centuries. Reason began to be the sole factor that effected the direction life was taking. This rationalism even crept into the sphere of religious influence. In Europe during the nineteenth century, human reason made strides toward modernism by shifting focus onto the individual, and by applying what we had learned as a whole, thinkers intellectual advancements were used for the betterment of industry and society. During this same period in time, the church's power was subordinated to that of the state for the first time. In Europe, and especially in the tumultuous nation of France, the church faced fierce attacks from the governments of the nations. In France, this was more apparent than anywhere else. When the new government of Robespierre and the council of public safety came to power, they put vast restrictions on the power held by the Roman Catholic Church in France. To begin with, the government took church owned lands to pay off large amounts of debt that existed prior to the revolution. This was not an overly popular decision with the church. To further control the church, the National Assembly issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This document placed the church below the state in the overall hierarchy of power. To put the loyalties of the divided clergy to the tes... ... found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 180. 7 Child Labor as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 130. 8 Child Labor as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 130. 9 Marx, Karl and Fiedrich Engels. The Communist Manifestoà ® as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 149. 10 Marx and Engels. The Communist Manifesto as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 150. 11 Owen, Robert. Utopian Socialism as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 148. 12 Mazzini, Guiseppe. The Duties of Man as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 166. 13 Mazzini, Guiseppe. The Duties of Man as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 166. 14 Mazzini, Guiseppe. The Duties of Man as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 165. 15 Mazzini, Guiseppe. The Duties of Man as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 165.

The Various Shades of George Bernard Shaw

Topic 1: What is Andragogy and how is it relevant to training and development? Andragogy is the term used to describe ‘the art and science of teaching adults’ (Delahaye, 2011). It focuses on the post-school vocational education, where the adults learning needs are the main importance and also should allow them to take responsibility for their own learning (Delahaye, 2011). In this sense, the differences between andragogy and pedagogy are related to not only the way content is taught, but also the progression of learning.Andragogy is relevant to training and development as concerns with the practical issues of trainers are coming into existence in relation to an effective way of using resources and the most suitable training methods (Jones, 1980). Therefore, as advances in knowledge are increasing, training and development programs need to be constantly altered and maintained to ensure that employees (adults) are processing this information. Andragogy is conceptualised in literature through conducting research to address what exactly is andragogy and what are the main issues in accordance to training and development.In relation to police training and development, police officers valued four distinct areas – engagement, practicality, affiliation, and efficiency (Olivia, 2009). Firstly, police officers valued classrooms that were ‘interesting and inspiring’ (Olivia, 2009), as they preferred trainers who were enthusiastic and engaged their students. Police officers also preferred the content being delivered that can be applied to their own real-life experiences on the job. Officers really emphasised the importance of the classroom environment in relation to social interaction and classroom layout.Police officers that were involved in the training and development session wanted a chance to interact with others, including the trainer. This allowed for them to learn from eachothers’ experiences (Olivia, 2009). It was also report ed that the classroom should be laid out in a manner that provides the trainer the opportunity to deliver the content in an ‘efficient and effective manner’ (Olivia, 2009). They preferred classes that were well managed in relation to the time period. Therefore, it is demonstrated in research and results that andragogy is all about the motivation and preferences of the student.It is also mentioned that andragogy is ‘a learning theory, not a teaching theory’ (Mc Auliffe, 2009). Andragogy is explained through the ‘andragogical model’ composed by Knowles (Mc Auliffe, 2009). This model addresses the issues on the learning process of adults. There are four issues that make up this model. Firstly, it is important to explain to the student why they need to learn a particular topic. Secondly, the trainer has to show the learner how to direct themselves through the content, so that they can take responsibility and be motivated to learn.The content also h as to enable the student to be able to relate their own experience to the components being delivered. An adult learner needs to have a ‘life-centered, task-centered or problem-centered’ (Mc Auliffe, 2009). Adults prefer to learn when they are ready and motivated to do so. Through conducting research and going back to the words of academics, it is explained in literature what andragogy is (in a practical sense) and its utter most importance in training and development programs. There are many differences between andragogy and the way children learn. They differ in relation to certain characteristics about learning.For example, the need to know, the learner’s self-concept, the role of experience, the readiness to learn, the orientation to learning and motivation (Delahaye, 2011). It is shown that children are being spoon fed content in a controlled environment, where they are more influenced by external factors. In andragogy, it is all about the needs, the experien ces and self-motivational factors of the adult. For contrast, the pedagogical model developed by Knowles (Mc Auliffe, 2009) involved the communication of knowledge and skills, where ‘the teacher decides in advance what knowledge or skill needs to be transmitted’ (Mc Auliffe, 2009).It is then that it is up to the teacher when and how information is going to be taught. Pedagogy is a teaching theory, not a learning one (Mc Auliffe, 2009). Andragogy is therefore the transition from school education to post-school education. Andragogical principles is a process of providing techniques and relevant resources to help adults obtain the knowledge and skills and also allow the trainer to prepare to involve them in the learning process.Therefore for adults to develop on their skills and knowledge, it is important that they want to learn and are motivated to do so. Without this, there would be no progression. In connection with the design of the tutorial training session, I believe that andragogy is going to be very useful. In a classroom, at one point in class, a majority of the group get ‘bored’ and drift off in their own world. So therefore, it is important to ensure to come up with an activity that everyone can have fun with and would want to participate in.With the importance of ensuring that students know why the need to learn, how they are going to go about learning and the amount of relativeness to their past experiences, the training session needs to be something that everyone can relate to. Everyone needs to be involved in the process of learning the desired knowledge and skills. Andragogy is all about the culture, systems and structures that make up the adult learning environment (Nicholas, 2008), which is key for a successful training session. In conclusion, Andragogy is all about the needs and experiences of the learning process of the adult.It transcends from pedagogy, in a sense that the learning process has moved focus from a spoo n fed controlled environment, to a different environment where the progression of learning is the student’s responsibility. This is relevant and very important to training and development, because, in reality, adults cannot be spoon fed the knowledge and skills needed in the working environment. They need to be more motivated and be informed of the reasons and procedures of training and development programs in order to progress and accept that they need to learn.

Psychology and Scientific Method Essay

There are many arguments that debunk the idea that psychology could ever be a ‘pure science’. In any event, psychology has been touted by many a philosopher as a pseudo-science. This is primarily because science itself has a fixed method by which they conduct scientific experiments. We discuss precisely what it is that makes a theory scientific, how theories can be related to evidence and the principal issues involved in evaluating a theory. We also look at what it is that a science of psychology should study. What aspects of psychology can be defined as scientific and what aspects are thoroughly based on conjecture? Can we really call psychology a scientific medium? The observable is what science studies. Freud was initially concerned with studying the unseen, while observing behaviors (Hays, 1964: 27). He believed that the insanity that is presented to the outside world was due to a complex internal mental mechanism (Hays, 1964: 27). However, Freud also fell short of one thing, hard evidence that these mental processes existed. Scientific method determines that there are 4 or 5 steps the researcher has to take in order to make the experiment valid in the eyes of the scientific community. Physics lecturer Jose Wudka states that these steps include: 1. Observation; 2. Hypothesis; 3. Prediction; 4. Test the prediction with experiment (Wudka, 1998). The last step may be that the prediction needs to be retested and the hypothesis revisited. If we take Freud as an example, his experiments were based almost entirely on observation with no empirical data to either prove or disprove his hypotheses. Theory remains just a theory until is proved as fact. Theories are therefore related to evidence in a crucial way. Firstly, there has to be evidence of something that can be studied: for instance in criminal justice we have a bullet cap left behind at a crime. This bullet may be lying in a certain way and with the added presence of gunshot residue (cordite) can help investigators to formulate a hypothesis about what happened with the particular crime. With the case of Freud for instance, we can observe behaviors of children or even adults, but we cannot say where it comes from without getting inside the head. This makes the evidence inadmissible and the theory remains just that – a theory. Secondly, evidence that is presented, has to be tested. This means that the evidence must relate to the theory it is trying to legitimate. In this case, the evidence either proves the theory or it forces the experimenter to return to the theory and rework it. A theory can be evaluated by means of this same testing procedure, key issues being predominantly about validity, verifiability and reliability. Take for instance the normal experimental procedure for empirical research that includes the presentation of a valid sample group that is anonymous and whose records are either thus or confidential. An example of theory testing in psychology that does follow the scientific method is that of medical and electrical testing. One particular research example in psychology is that of Electro Shock Therapy. In this case the treatment studied is reversed in that the EST was used to treat asthmatics, successfully. This case studied asthmatics brought in for EST after intense supervision prior to hospitalization. The patients were monitored before, during and after the treatment to see whether there is a relationship between hysteria and asthma (Cohen and Holbrook, 1947: 213). In this case the patients themselves provide the data necessary for testing the hypothesis. The hypothesis was that there was a relationship between hysteria and asthma. The results showed not only a relationship, but I significant reaction to Electro Shock Treatment (Cohen and Holbrook, 1947: 214). In other research, EST is studied for its effect on schizophrenia rather than the usual bipolar disorder. This research revealed that EST may be useful in the treatment of this psychotic illness. This especially when combined with medication (ScienceDaily, 2005). These research projects were conducted under strict supervision and with documentation the entire process. On the other side of the coin, there are arguments that also dispel scientific method. William McComas of the Rossier School of Education cites 15 myths about scientific method that he considers to be principal issues. In the scope of this paper we cannot discuss all of McComas’ issues but a few will be discussed. The first of these is that hypotheses become theories and then become laws. This is not always the case since sometimes the evidence does not uphold the hypothesis. He also says that theory is not always absolute. Theory can only be absolute if there are no exceptions and in psychology particularly, there are almost always exceptions. Science and scientific method are also not always absolute proof, nor does it always answer all the questions (McComas, 1998: 2-9). In tune with the fact that the evidence does not always support the hypothesis, science does also not always represent reality but functions as a model around which scientific developments can be made (McComas, 1998: 9-18). Furthermore and specifically in psychology terms, these theories are flouted by the presence of some elements in a patient that do not fit the ‘textbook’ description of a certain ailment. For instance, it could be said that most cases of borderline personality disorder come from upper to middle class sectors and develop this type of disorder as a textbook concern, not all BPD patients are upper to middle class. This is merely an example of the type of issue that faces the social sciences where individuals cannot be controlled in the way that plant slides or blood tests can be. The science of psychology is about people and the nuances thereof. It is aware that humans are temperamental and also subject to the actions of other people. This means that psychology can be studied as an observation, by viewing the behaviors of people and documenting them. Psychology cannot be studied in the same way as other sciences can be, despite the fact that in empirical sciences there are also issues of compliance. If we consider that communicable diseases such as HIV/Aids can be physically examined, that blood cells and antibodies can be made visible and studied in their physical form, psychology is not the same. Inroads have been made to attempt to clarify tests done decades earlier, such as Pavlov’s conditioning studies, but unless a method becomes available to view thought processes, these theories remain unproved. The visible is the first step to studying science, but psychology hits a wall after that. We know certain aspects of psychology, such as schizophrenia is as much a neurological disorder as a psychiatric one, but there are other psychological issues we do not know. This means that psychology has to be studied in a multidisciplinary way, rather than as purely scientific. In qualitative research as in quantitative, issues of evaluation are the same. In some psychiatric cases, a patient may also have medical problems, such as diabetes, epilepsy or malnutrition and these can be physically seen. There are indeed ways in which psychology fails the test of scientific method, and therefore falls into the category of ‘pseudo science’. However, there are issues in pure sciences that also fall short of the elitist idea of science. Films such Stanley Kubrick’s â€Å"A Clockwork Orange† explore the idea of experimentation with the human brain, but to undergo such testing even with the consent of volunteers, would be considered inhumane. It seems to be ethical to test chemicals on animals or to test explosives in remote areas, but not ethical to perform potentially dangerous tests on human brains. This leaves psychological testing with the likes of psychometric testing and theories, yet again. As discussed, scientific method is reliant on having the evidence to back it up, whereas psychological is based on assumption to a large extent. Psychological profiling is an example of this in that given the evidence presented, a criminal can be profiled by the marks he leaves behind. Seldom is this knowledge enough to prove someone is guilty of not.

Biography of Nobel Prize Winner Chief Albert Luthuli

Biography of Nobel Prize Winner Chief Albert Luthuli Date of birth:  c.1898, near Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)Date of death:  21 July 1967, railway track near home at Stanger, Natal, South Africa. Early Life Albert John Mvumbi Luthuli was born sometime around 1898 near Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia, the son of a Seventh Day Adventist missionary. In 1908 he was sent to his ancestral home at Groutville, Natal where he went to the mission school. Having first trained as a teacher at Edendale, near Pietermaritzburg, Luthuli attended additional courses at Adams College (in 1920), and went on to become part of the college staff. He remained at the college until 1935. Life as a Preacher Albert Luthuli was deeply religious, and during his time at Adams College, he became a lay preacher. His Christian beliefs acted as a foundation for his approach to political life in South Africa at a time when many of his contemporaries were calling for a more militant response to Apartheid. Chieftancy In 1935 Luthuli accepted the chieftaincy of the Groutville reserve (this was not a hereditary position, but awarded as the result of an election) and was suddenly immersed in the realities of South Africas racial politics. The following year JBM Hertzogs United Party government introduced the Representation of Natives Act (Act No 16 of 1936) which removed Black Africans from the common voters role in the Cape (the only part of the Union to allow Black people the franchise). That year also saw the introduction of the Development Trust and Land Act (Act No 18 of 1936) which limited Black African land holding to an area of native reserves - increased under the act to 13.6%, although this percentage was not in fact achieved in practice. Chief Albert Luthuli joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1945 and was elected Natal provincial president in 1951. In 1946 he joined the Natives Representative Council. (This had been set up in 1936 to act in an advisory basis to four white senators who provided parliamentary representation for the entire Black African population.) However, as a result of a mine workers strike on the Witwatersrand gold field and the police response to protesters, relations between the Natives Representative Council and the government became strained. The Council met for the last time in 1946 and was later abolished by the government. In 1952, Chief Luthuli was one of the leading lights behind the Defiance Campaign - a non-violent protest against the pass laws. The Apartheid government was, unsurprisingly, annoyed and he was summoned to Pretoria to answer for his actions. Luthuli was given the choice of renouncing his membership of the ANC or being removed from his position as tribal chief (the post was supported and paid for by the government). Albert Luthuli refused to resign from the ANC, issued a statement to the press (The Road to Freedom is via the Cross) which reaffirmed his support for passive resistance to Apartheid  and was subsequently dismissed from his chieftaincy in November. I have joined my people in the new spirit that moves them today, the spirit that revolts openly and broadly against injustice. At the end of 1952, Albert Luthuli was elected president-general of the ANC. The previous president, Dr. James Moroka, lost support when he pleaded not-guilty to criminal charges laid as a result of his involvement in the Defiance Campaign, rather than accepting the campaigns aim of imprisonment and the tying up of government resources. (Nelson Mandela, provincial president for the ANC in Transvaal, automatically became deputy-president of the ANC.) The government responded by  banning  Luthuli, Mandela, and nearly 100 others. Luthulis Ban Luthulis ban was renewed in 1954, and in 1956 he was arrested - one of 156 people accused of high treason. Luthuli was released shortly after for lack of evidence. Repeated banning caused difficulties for the leadership of the ANC, but Luthuli was re-elected as president-general in 1955 and again 1958. In 1960, following the  Sharpeville Massacre, Luthuli led the call for protest. Once again summoned to a governmental hearing (this time in Johannesburg) Luthuli was horrified when a supporting demonstration turned violent and 72 Black Africans were shot (and another 200 injured). Luthuli responded by publicly burning his pass book. He was detained on 30 March under the State of Emergency declared by the South African government - one of 18,000 arrested in a series of police raids. On release he was confined to his home in Stanger, Natal. Later Years In 1961 Chief Albert Luthuli was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for Peace (it had been held over that year) for his part in the anti-Apartheid struggle. In 1962, he was elected Rector of Glasgow University (an honorary position), and the following year published his autobiography, Let My People Go. Although suffering from ill health and failing eyesight, and still restricted to his home in Stanger, Albert Luthuli remained president-general of the ANC. On 21 July 1967, whilst out walking near his home, Luthuli was hit by a train and died. He was supposedly crossing the line at the time -   an explanation dismissed by many of his followers who believed more sinister forces were at work.

Lilis Love Triangle essays

Lili's Love Triangle essays Narrator: They started off as 5 college buddies, who went their separate ways after college. Shaft played by Keith is married to Lili who is played by Linh. Tony who is played by Colin is going out with Lauren played by Fern, and Kenny, Tonys brother, played by Lam who proceeds with school to his Ph.D in medicine and this story will be narrated by me, Nancy. Well two years later Shaft becomes a gangster, because of a drug addiction. Lili is cheating on Shaft with Tony, Kenny is diagnosed with a heart disease, and Tony and Lauren had broken up, but Lauren still loves him. This scene starts in the hospital where Tony and Lili visits Kenny. Kenny: I hope so. Well I gotta get some rest, so close the door on your way out. Tony: Do you wanna stay over tonight? ll just have to call my husband and tell him Im going to stay at my sisters house. Narrator: Later that night, Lauren goes to Lili and Shafts house. Shaft: (Answers the door) Lauren! What a surprise! How you been? Lauren: Oh Im fine Shaft. Is Lili here? Shaft: No, shes at her sisters....did you need to talk to her? Lauren: Actually, I came to see you. Shaft: (Questioned) Really?!? What did you need? t really know how to tell this-but Lili is cheating on you... with Tony. I saw them going into his apartment. Shaft: (angrily) I think you should leave now! Shaft: Just leave! I'll handle it myself. Narrator: Lauren leaves, Shaft stays up until Lili comes home. Narrator: Now its morning at Tonys apartment. Lili is getting ready to leave. Lili: I gotta get home, before (says sarcastically) my darling husband says something. ...

Presidents Elected Without Winning the Popular Vote

Presidents Elected Without Winning the Popular Vote Five U.S. presidents have taken office without winning the popular vote. In other words, they did not receive a plurality regarding the popular vote. They were elected, instead, by the Electoral College- or in the case of John Quincy Adams, by the House of Representatives after a tie in the electoral votes. They were: Donald J. Trump, who lost by 2.9 million votes to Hillary Clinton in the  2016 election.George W. Bush,  who lost by 543,816 votes to Al Gore in the  2000 election.Benjamin Harrison,  who lost by 95,713 votes to  Grover Cleveland  in 1888.Rutherford B. Hayes, who lost by 264,292 votes to Samuel J. Tilden in 1876.John Quincy Adams,  who lost by 44,804 votes to  Andrew Jackson  in 1824. Popular vs. Electoral Votes Presidential elections in the United States are not popular vote contests. The writers of the Constitution configured the process so that only the members of the House of Representatives would be elected by popular vote. The Senators were to be selected by state legislatures, and the president would be selected by the Electoral College. The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, making the election of senators to occur through popular vote. However, presidential elections still operate under the electoral system. The Electoral College is made up of representatives who are generally selected by the political parties at their state conventions. Most states except Nebraska and Maine follow a winner-take-all principle of electoral votes, meaning that whichever partys candidate wins a states popular vote for the presidency will win all of that states electoral votes. The minimum electoral votes a state can have is three, the sum of a states senators plus representatives: California has the most, with 55. The Twenty-Third Amendment gave the District of Columbia three electoral votes; it has neither senators nor representatives in Congress. Since states vary in population and many popular votes for different candidates can be quite close within an individual state, it makes sense that a candidate might win the popular vote across the entire United States but not win in the Electoral College. As a specific example, lets say the Electoral College is only made up of two states: Texas and Florida. Texas with its 38 votes goes entirely to a Republican candidate but the popular vote was very close, and the Democratic candidate was behind by a very small margin of only 10,000 votes. In the same year, Florida with its 29 votes goes entirely to the Democratic candidate, yet the margin for the Democratic win was much larger with the popular vote win by over 1 million votes This could result in a Republican win at the Electoral College even though when the votes between the two states are counted together, the Democrats won the popular vote. Calls for Reform In general, it is very rare for a president to win the popular vote yet lose the election. Although this has only happened five times in U.S. History, it has occurred twice in the current century. In 2016, Donald Trump lost the popular election by nearly 3 million votes, about 2% of the total votes cast. Discussion for reform of the Electoral College dates to the first years of the Constitution and has frequently been the topic of scholarly discussion. Defenders of the Electoral College argue that its violations of majority rule are an example of constitutional provisions that require super-majorities to take action. The Electoral College allows a minority to take an action- that is to select a president- and it is the only device of its kind in the Constitution. The primary way to change it is to amend the Constitution. Since the way states count votes can affect who wins and who loses, electoral reform is by its nature political: if a party is in power, the method used to get it there is not likely to be a target of change. Despite the current climate in that Democrats support change while Republicans do not, scholars believe that the situation is only temporarily one that swings towards one party or another: One proposal called the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC) is a sub-national reform to the Electoral College in which states agree to commit their electoral votes, as a unit, to the winner of the aggregate, national vote.  Sixteen states have signed on to date, some of which are Republican-controlled. One major purpose of the Electoral College was to balance the power of the electorate so that votes in states with small populations would not (always) be overpowered by larger-populated states. Bipartisan action is required to make its reformation possible. Sources and Further Reading Bugh, Gary, ed. Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities. London: Routledge, 2010.Burin, Eric, ed. Picking the President: Understanding the Electoral College. University of North Dakota Digital Press, 2018.Colomer, Josep M. The Strategy and History of Electoral System Choice. The Handbook of Electoral System Choice. Ed. Colomer, Josep M. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. 3-78.Goldstein, Joshua H., and David A. Walker. The 2016 Presidential Election Popular-Electoral Vote Difference. Journal of Applied Business and Economics 19.9 (2017).Shaw, Daron R. The Methods Behind the Madness: Presidential Electoral College Strategies, 1988–1996. The Journal of Politics 61.4 (1999): 893-913.Virgin, Sheahan G. Competing Loyalties in Electoral Reform: An Analysis of the U.S. Electoral College. Electoral Studies 49 (2017): 38–48.

Bilingual Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Bilingual Education - Essay Example A close analysis of these programs and their effectiveness provides one with valuable information on the topic and further indicates the importance of doing more research and drafting legislations that cater for the need of the diverse ethnicity content of the students in public schools.Dual language education has elicited praised by both parents and teachers for the diversity and enrichment that it brings to a classroom, Palmer. She, however, notes that the program consists of various inequalities going by the educational experiences encountered by different students at the school. There is need to critically consider the underlying forces that might be contributing to these challenges. The critical race theory and the two-way immersion have been highlighted as to being vital in uncovering the tensions being witnessed in the dual language education program. The issue of duo language education needs to be looked at objectively. Garca argues that there is more to bilingual language le arning narratives than there is when discussing language. According to Garca (2014), the focus should be shifted from English as a language to the practices exhibited by the emergent individual bilinguals. Garca proposes five misconstructions that together shed light on English as a language, the learning of English, bilingualism and the teaching of English. Garca, provides ways through which trans languaging is viewed through. It attempts to explain the topic and issues surrounding bilingual/dual language education.

Should the capital punishment be allowed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Should the capital punishment be allowed - Essay Example 46). The increased number is attributed to these four nations being most populous nations globally. The death penalty is matter controversy in different nations across the world. The positions are varied based on either cultural region, or political ideology. Among the member states of the European Union (EU), Article 2 of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the EU prohibits the use of capital punishment (European Union, 2010). In the same way, the Council of Europe that is comprised of 47 member states does not allow capital punishment among its members. The public opinion in relation to the death penalty varies considerably. Nonetheless, studies have evidenced adequate reasons as to why the death penalty needs to be abolished. Hodgkinson and Schabas (2004, p. 57) shares the evidence that the death penalty needs to be illegalised because life is very valuable. Life is very important and even murderers are not supposed to be deprived the value of their lives. Life cannot be taken back and every justice system is vulnerable to failure. Therefore, capital punishment puts numerous innocent lives at risk (Kronenwetter, 2001, p.53). Any mistake from the prosecution team may lead to demise of an innocent person. In the same way, innocent people will be prosecuted and killed due to flaws in the justice system. Justices, prosecutors, and witnesses can makes mistakes, which may result in the wrongful convictions of persons. It therefore becomes inevitable that innocent individuals may be sentenced to death for capital crimes. For example, in America, according to Amnesty International an estimated 130 people have been found to be innocent who were on death row. The mentally ill persons may also be executed not knowing why the reasons for their mistakes. The uncooperative and cold behaviour of the mentally challenged persons in the courtroom makes them unable to participate in the trials. As a result, they convicted and put on death row when they are

Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous People Research Paper

Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous People - Research Paper Example According to archaeologists, food storage is widespread and sharing or reciprocity is integral to survival during climate change and catastrophes (Cherrington 18). Nevertheless, a great deal of what populations have created in reaction to catastrophe has also been quite unsound. Social and environmental pressures lead to a huge number of deaths and conflicts. Destruction of ancient civilizations is more widespread than survival. These are vicious and potent lessons to reflect on as individuals and/or groups try to learn from indigenous communities about climate change. Across the globe, agriculture was cultivated at the conclusion of the final ice age, at the advent of the Holocene roughly 11,500 years ago (Geoffrey 18). There have been significant alterations in hydrological processes and in intense weather episodes as well, and changes in temperature throughout the Holocene. The ‘Anthropocene’ theory states that human activities, mostly agriculture and deforestation, l ed to rise in carbon dioxide over the last eight thousand years and rise in methane gas over the last five thousand years (Geoffrey 18). If this hypothesis is true, there are significant repercussions for human-made climate change. Measurements of climate change have coherently revealed and verified that the Earth’s climate is shifting. As reported in the latest statements of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there is clear and indisputable proof that the climate of the world is warming and that this is almost certainly caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) provoked by human beings (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 95). Human activity has weakened the environmental strength of the planet by exploiting the atmosphere as a cesspool for GHGs. Climate change is an adverse reaction presently felt in the world as an outcome of the increase in greenhouse gas production and discharges as a result of burning of fossil fue ls, mostly for transportation and industrial operations. Due to this ‘smoke’ emitted from machines and automobiles, carbon dioxide gas is accumulated in the atmosphere and raises the intensity of heat in the planet (Chavez & Tauli-Corpuz 39-42). This occurrence is known as the ‘greenhouse effect’. Since the 19th century, global temperatures have risen by roughly 0.74%. A further increase in temperature is expected and indigenous peoples will be more seriously affected than other populations. The effect of climate change involves (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 95): diminishing polar sea ice and rising of sea levels, threatening low-lying coastal areas, notably many small islands in the Pacific; greater exposure to natural disasters, such as floods, and to frequent and intense extreme weather events; degradation of wetlands due to changing freeze-thaw cycles; glacial melts in high-altitude regions and subsequent inundations of valleys and hill areas; increased fires in tropical rainforests; changes in precipitation and desertification. Even though climate change is an occurrence that affects the entire world, affecting all peoples and places, different environments and areas are affected quite differently. Indigenous peoples are by now coping with effects of climate change in their everyday lives. Changes due to climate change, such as weakening of

Human Resource Case Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Human Resource Case Studies - Essay Example The precise relationship between job perception and job satisfaction (indeed, the very direction of the relationship) is not altogether clear, although there is clear evidence of a linkage. The weakness of decentralized training is lack of unified approach to training (each store and supervisor teach different skills). In future, the employee will have to retrain applying to a new job or a new fast food company. Small companies can provide employees who are parents or have working spouses with flexible working hours and job sharing. As for working schedules, the indications are sparse, but they do suggest that rotating shifts can have deleterious effects on employees and that a flexible time schedule is more likely to improve satisfaction (or outcomes associated with satisfaction) than job performance. Good effects, along with some counterbalancing adverse effects, from the use of flexible have been reported in regard to recruitment and retention, work readiness, overtime, time off, and skill-broadening. Productivity improvement has been reported when flexible provided for more efficient utilization of scarce resources by employees. Work schedules can have a negative impact on quality of family life in the case of nonstandard work days, shift work, and long hours. The claims made by the union are objective and important for employees. Any company has a right to interrogate employees concerning their union activities, or threat employees to disclosure identities of other union members. The claims made by the union shows that there is dissatisfaction which could be handled by both unions and employers through the mechanism of union-voices, and the second is dissatisfaction which could not be handled by them, and which would thus lead workers to eave the firm eventually. The problem is that the union members and employees do not inform the company management about telephone calls and communication inside the

What is the role of social media in the field of journalism Annotated Bibliography

What is the role of social media in the field of journalism - Annotated Bibliography Example Processing Culture: Cognition, Ontology, and the News Media Processing Culture: Cognition, Ontology, and the News Media. Sociological Forum, 25(4), 824-850. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01214.x The article discusses how U.S. civilians perceive and react to news from diverse social media mainstreams. Mainly, this encompasses how a person psychologically intercepts, interprets news and assessing relayed information to result to a certain conduct once intellect undergoes adequate stimulation. This is in a move to establish desired order in unpredictable social world in order to ascertain what is genuine and factual in all media circles. The author outlines how people have adapted to the use and function of online social media in journalism in this 21st century. He claims that people are bemoaning and condemning the reduction of journalistic material at the same time analyzing the expanding recognition of social media in today’s era. In addition, he argues that the use of social media like blogs as today’s means of communication is a strong and clear indication implicating the changes and transformation in journalism. The author concludes that there is no need in advocating and shielding journalism old ways of news broadcasting because consumers adores besides being preoccupied with the new digital upstarts that is deflating the old media. This article claims that twitter as well as micro-blogging has been dominating contemporary social transmission of information especially during crises both at international and national levels. Oh, Agrawal and Rao (2013), despite acknowledging how twitter together with blogging have played a significant role in relaying information during varied crises contend these sites pose a potential danger. This is in terms of the relayed information’s reliability due to lack of valid source though the current generation seems not to care but continue to rely on it. This is contrary to the old fading journalism whereby

A response to the reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

A response to the reading - Essay Example As the story starts, the reader cannot discern the intention of the author and one might take offence with the language that sounds discriminatory to one of the races in the world. However, the author’s intention is to highlight the issue of self-preservation in the world and draw attention to a race’s view of another race. While doing this, the author managers to use humor in a distinctive way that makes the reader enthusiastic. All along, the author uses themes and leaves the reader with questions regarding their worldview on both diminutive and abstract aspects of life. Through the interior lives of the characters in the story, the author manages to illustrate the differences between world viewpoints that were dominant in a culture and their fundamental difference with the lives of those affected. Concisely, the author successfully illustrates the meaning of being human in an audacious and prudent approach. In this case, the story delivers a mix of the interaction of past mistakes, successes, new beginnings, and the regrets that individuals live by as the innermost being defines their

What is the role of social media in the field of journalism Annotated Bibliography

What is the role of social media in the field of journalism - Annotated Bibliography Example Processing Culture: Cognition, Ontology, and the News Media Processing Culture: Cognition, Ontology, and the News Media. Sociological Forum, 25(4), 824-850. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01214.x The article discusses how U.S. civilians perceive and react to news from diverse social media mainstreams. Mainly, this encompasses how a person psychologically intercepts, interprets news and assessing relayed information to result to a certain conduct once intellect undergoes adequate stimulation. This is in a move to establish desired order in unpredictable social world in order to ascertain what is genuine and factual in all media circles. The author outlines how people have adapted to the use and function of online social media in journalism in this 21st century. He claims that people are bemoaning and condemning the reduction of journalistic material at the same time analyzing the expanding recognition of social media in today’s era. In addition, he argues that the use of social media like blogs as today’s means of communication is a strong and clear indication implicating the changes and transformation in journalism. The author concludes that there is no need in advocating and shielding journalism old ways of news broadcasting because consumers adores besides being preoccupied with the new digital upstarts that is deflating the old media. This article claims that twitter as well as micro-blogging has been dominating contemporary social transmission of information especially during crises both at international and national levels. Oh, Agrawal and Rao (2013), despite acknowledging how twitter together with blogging have played a significant role in relaying information during varied crises contend these sites pose a potential danger. This is in terms of the relayed information’s reliability due to lack of valid source though the current generation seems not to care but continue to rely on it. This is contrary to the old fading journalism whereby

Militia in the War of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Militia in the War of 1812 - Essay Example In addition, many on the western front believed that Britain was involved with Native Americans in the attacks upon settlers Confrontation seemed inevitable, and coincident with a declaration of war was the fact that most of the political power resided in the South and the West; The same people who were anxious to go to war with Britain were also the ones whom the president needed to support him in what was, after all, the year of the presidential election. War was almost certain under these conditions. That does not mean, however, that the American states were prepared for war. Many authors agree that the constitution was fearful of creating a large standing army, and for this reason relied upon the citizens to form militias in times of crisis: " The actual standing army was tiny, with the Office of the Chief of Military History calculating that army at about 11,744 men. As a consequence of this small number, the defense of the united States was very dependant upon militia armies raised by the states. As many of the militias held by individual states were disorganized and chaotic, "Many states had to recreate their militia from scratch once war was declared in June 1812". Therefore, one of the reasons why different states had different militia was partly dependant upon the state of this army before 1812: where the militia was in good repair, the state could mobilize these units effectively; where they had fallen into disrepair, the 1812 militia was usually ill-trained and ill-equipped. How these militia were created and maintained was very much dependant upon the individual states. Many of them were opposed to these raised armies being taken away from their state of origin, as a proclamation by the Governor of Vermont in 1813 demonstrates: It appears, that the third brigadeof militia of this state, has Been ordered from our frontiers to the defence of a neighbouring Statewhereby an extensive section of our own frontier is left, In a measure, unprotected, and thegood citizens thereof are put In great jeopardy (Chittenden, 1813) The federal governments were unwilling to put large numbers of their men at the disposal of the National government, and especially, they did not want to see their troops moved out of their province in order to defend another state. There were other reasons why federal states might be unwilling to put up large militias. While many of the Western states wanted the war, states such as New England actually sided with England, and "Massachusetts Governor Caleb Strong even attempted secret negotiations with England with a planfor New England to secede from the Union" (Lutins, 2007). So the second reason for differences in the militia is the differences in support (or lack thereof) for the war. Both of these reasons were also interacting with the great problem which the United States had with federal governments, which is the reluctance of the States to grant power

The history and spread of probation in America

The history and spread of probation in America The term probation comes from the Latin verb probare, meaning to prove or to test. Throughout history probation has been used in various forms. From its earliest American origins probation has broadened and expanded immensely in its function within the criminal justice system. The terms and conditions of probation continue to evolve, as well as the various consequences imposed if said conditions are not closely adhered to. Probation is a privilege granted to particular law violators in lieu of imprisonment. Just as the root word derived from, probation is a test issued to an offender, offering them a chance to prove themselves. HISTORY Elements of probation can be seen throughout history. There is reference in Mosaic Law to the right of sanctuary. Right of sanctuary offered cities of refuge to killers seeking to escape retribution. While probation as we know it today is not an escape from punishment, it can be seen as a sort of sanctuary in that probationers are offered the opportunity to atone for their crimes and maintain in the free society. The suspended sentence, commonly used in the Middle Ages in England, mirrors probation in that it can be revoked and a prison sentence imposed if the offender fails to stay out of trouble for the amount of time specified. Suspended sentence at this time, however, did not include any kind of supervision, nor were there any set goals of reform. There was also a form of temporary release used by the courts during this time. Binding over for good behavior offered offenders an opportunity to secure pardons or lesser sentences. Matthew Davenport Hill was a English barrister and judge in Eighteenth Century England. As Recorder of Birmingham, a judicial post, he instituted a practice for individuals who did not appear to be hopeless cases. In witnessing the sentencing of youthful offenders to the custody of their parents for supervision, Hill decided that those offenders who showed hope of rehabilitation could also be placed in the hands of willing guardians. As part of this arrangement these willing guardians would receive periodic visits from local police to stay current on the progress of the released offender. JOHN AUGUSTUS John Augustus, credited as the Father of Probation, embarked upon a journey that would revolutionize the field of corrections in America. His efforts began when he persuaded a local court in Massachusetts to release into his custody an adult drunk, instead of imprisoning him. This challenge was met with great success. A shoe cobbler in Boston, Augustus supervised the man, paid his fines, and helped him achieve sobriety. His efforts broadened to and he began taking responsibility for juveniles. Again his efforts were fruitful and the court was pleased with his results. Reform became a true possibility. Over the course of his eighteen years as a volunteer probation officer [1841-1858], Augustus bailed 1,946 men, women and children. A mere ten of this number forfeited their bond. The first probation statute was passed in 1878 shortly after his death. Augustus work was a remarkable accomplishment when measured against any standard. (New York City Department of Probation) THE SPREAD OF PROBATION By 1900, Vermont, Rhode Island, New Jersey, New York, Minnesota, and Illinois passed probation laws; by 1910, 32 more states had passed legislation establishing juvenile probation; and by 1930 juvenile probation was legislated in every state except Wyoming. (Office of Probation and Correctional Alternatives) Every state in the country offers probation to both adults and juveniles today. While the structure may vary from state to state the possibility for reform remains a strong and solid objective. Probation not only offers the offender incentive to change it saves the public enormous funds as the cost is minimal when compared to the increasing costs of incarceration. Probation also serves to abate the current concerns of overcrowding in prisons. THE USES/GOAL OF PROBATION Probation has many practical functions in the field of corrections. As mentioned above, probation is privilege not a right. One of the many aims of probation is protecting the public. Probation is generally issued to low risk, non-violent offenders. Often these offenders are open to the idea of treatment and rehabilitation in an effort to avoid becoming professional offenders. Until recently, probation was predominantly used for first offense misdemeanants, however, with the implementation of get tough laws and the war on drugs saw the court system becoming more and more bogged down with cases and the prison system became increasingly prone to overcrowding. Depending on the sentencing guidelines for the crime committed, the accused may offer to plead guilty to a lesser charge. Probation is a valuable tool for the offender, the district attorney, and the court system. If the criteria of a case make the offender eligible for probation a presentence investigation report is ordered to determine if probation could be a valid and effective punishment. The presentence investigation report includes the offenders background and their disposition to their charges as well as other useful information. CONDITIONS OF PROBATION/INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS If probation is granted, several conditions may be imposed. These conditions will be specifically designed to the individual based on their criminal record and the nature of the crime they have pled guilty to. There are various levels of probation. The lowest level of probation is unsupervised. This is when the offender is placed on probation and perhaps ordered to pay fines and court costs but is not obligated to a regular interaction with a probation officer. They are generally ordered to call in on arranged dates and update the probation officer as to their progress as well as maintain gainful employment in the community. Supervised Probation requires the offender to report to their local probation office on an established number of days per week or month, depending on the level of supervision. Often supervised probation will contain conditions such as: reporting regularly, failing to engage in any further criminal activity, submitting to searches, abstaining from using drugs, abstaining from owning a firearm, limiting alcohol intake, abstaining from associating with known criminals and notifying their supervising officer of any major changes such as relocation or job change. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) The probationer is required to pay a monthly supervision fee and a schedule to pay other fines and court fees imposed is set up between the offender and the probation officer. Certain individuals have specific conditions of probation to which they must adhere. This is sometimes as a result of the crime they committed (including factors of the crime, such as drug abuse). Specific conditions include (but are not limited to): methadone maintenance, taking Antibuse, attending 12-Step meetings, drug testing, treatment (inpatient or outpatient), and vocational training. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) These conditions are imposed to aid the probationer in successful completion of their court ordered term of supervision. There has been an adequate success rate with these programs to date. Special conditions of probation are additional punishments ordered by the courts and act to strengthen supervision. The goal is to reduce recidivism by addressing the underlying cause of the individuals criminal behavior as well as protect the local community. Special conditions of probation are: house arrest, electronic monitoring, intensive supervision, halfway house residency, boot camp programs and split sentences. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) Imposing these special conditions is at times the last line of defense for keeping the offender out of prison. In some cases, if probation is violated, additional conditions can be imposed in an effort to get the offender back on track. REVOCATION OF PROBATION Failure to adhere to these conditions, excessive violations of these conditions or failing to remain current on court mandated payments can result in probation revocation. When an offender is sentenced to a specific amount of time in jail or prison, that sentence is sometimes suspended in favor of placing the individual on probation. Repetitive violations or new charges can be cause to revoke that probation and resentence the offender or activate the sentence that they are currently on probation to avoid serving. There are a variety of reasons offenders are unable to comply with the conditions of their probation. Some are indifferent or hostile, being unwilling or unable to cooperate with their supervising officer or the court. Some are too immature emotionally to comply with directions. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) Technical probation violations require the offender to re-appear in court in front of the judge. If the probationer fails to appear a warrant will be issued for their arrest. Revocation is a serious matter and the probationer has the right to counsel for the hearing. SUMMARY The use of probation in our nations criminal justice system is widespread. Probation allows the offender the freedom to earn a living and support their family, it allows the community to feel safer knowing that these individuals are under close supervision, it saves the state money that could better be spent on reform rather than incarceration and the building of new prisons. The number of Americans currently on probation is astounding. According to the United Stated Department of Justice at the end of 2008 there were better than 4.2 million adults on probation and another almost 830,000 on parole. That number indicates that 1 in 45 adults in the U.S. is currently under community supervision. These figures show the importance of probation in America today.

Can Power Corrupt You? :: essays research papers fc

The power of language is indisputable. Being unable to ‘fit in’ because you cannot communicate effectively with the dominant discourse puts you at an enormous disadvantage. Those who know how to use the dominant discourse effectively and to their own advantage will be more powerful. People use their knowledge of the power, inherent in the mastery of discourses, to manipulate others. Many texts show evidence of this. In fact, some texts actively criticise those, who less than ethically utilise their mastery of discourses to achieve their own ends. The media actively utilise their understanding of the dominant discourse to support many agendas. Novelists over the years have shown the ill-effects on individuals who might suffer through not mastering the dominant discourse. Those who know how to use a variety of discourses will become more powerful. Those who have difficulty with discourses will end up being alienated. Alienation is the result of being unable to use other discourses or refusing to engage in the dominant discourse. One can gain power by preventing alienation of oneself and sublimating others via the use of alienation. Alienation is represented in all texts and films to effectively manipulate the minds of readers, so that they can compare their experiences with the characters in the narrative. This is clearly represented in the novel, â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, when the character Winston, challenges the dominant discourse. Another example can be seen in â€Å"Frankenstein†, by Mary Shelly where Victor is alienated because he disobeyed ‘the rules’ of the dominant discourse. The media however, uses a variety of discourses to manipulate the reader’s mind. Foregrounding certain topics and purposely leaving out certain information (silencing) are also techniques to use ‘the power of language’ to their own advantage. These techniques are used to convince the pubic, of a particular issue. To many people, this is like ‘brainwashing’ society. Novelists express the abuse of power, such as ‘brain washing’. â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley, gives an excellent example of this. He wrote: â€Å"To make them love it, is the task assigned in present day totalitarian states, to ministries of propaganda...†. thus, through hynopeadic teaching (brain washing), essential attendance to community gatherings and the use of drugs to control emotion. This was the dominant discourse of the characters. From this, it can be noticed that the ones in power can abuse their authority and lead to corruption. A great representation of abuse of authority and corruption, is seen in â€Å"1984† and â€Å"Brave New World†.

Bruce Almighty Essay -- essays research papers

Kimberly Mena  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2/15/05 Mr. Shea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bruce Almighty Bruce Almighty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Watching Bruce Almighty, starring Jim Carrey, we were shown several scenes. In these scenes examples of hopelessness, individualism, enlightened self- interest, compassion, hope, love, free will, relationships, sin, and images of God were seen throughout them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In scene 2: This is my Luck; an example of compassion is when Grace is getting ready to give blood to those who are in dire need. Bruce responds that he isn’t giving blood because he hates needles and because they stock up on the blood, an example of self-interest. When Grace says good bye to him, the only thing Bruce can say is that he is going to need a miracle to get to work at time. Once again, Grace is displaying compassion and love towards Bruce but Bruce is too worried about himself and work to even acknowledge Grace’s actions, showing abandonment in a relationship with Grace. On Bruce’s way to work, there is a severe accident and an ambulance is seen carrying someone but Bruce’s remark is â€Å"Come on, not during Sweeps Week†, showing severe individualism. After the meeting, Bruce approaches his boss and asks about the anchor position, the boss denies knowing any information but Bruce insists. He believes Evan is going t o get the position so he says that he should be more like Evan because Evan is an ‘ass-hole’. Bruce proves that he can be just like Evan by flipping over the boss’s bologna sandwich but Bruce instantly picks it up because he wants the boss to think highly of him, this action of helping someone in order to benefit you, is enlightened self-interest. After picking up the sandwich, the boss gives Bruce a live show and instead of saying thank you, Bruce’s reply is â€Å"I won’t forget you†¦ when I go national!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More examples can be seen when Grace is at her job, caring an... ...es to call Grace again, not knowing that she is on her way, and Susan comes into the room. She engages in some small talk and then kisses Bruce, Bruce looks over Susan’s shoulder and sees Grace, she storms away and Bruce chases after her. Grace sarcastically says that everyone else wants to have children with the man that they have loved for 6 years but not her, she just wants a lot of stuff and maybe that would make her happy, and then drives away, this is a display of Grace removing herself from a relationship with Bruce. Bruce dejectedly walks inside and sets off the sprinklers so everyone leaves. When it is just him and God, Bruce asks how He makes so many people love Him without fooling around with free will, instead of answering the question, God indirectly asks him the same question and says that hope fixes relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These are just some of the numerous examples of hopelessness, individualism, enlightened self- interest, compassion, hope, love, free will, relationships, sin, and images of God that are seen consistently throughout the movie. Although a comedy, Bruce Almighty is a movie with a plot of God’s omnipotence painted in bold colors.

The Blind Side

The Blind Side Identify the title, text type, composer and year of publication * ‘The Blind Side’ is a film composed by John Lee Hancock (2009) Identify the context in which your ORT has been set and they key ideas related to the concept of belonging which are represented. * The blind Side was created based on the 2006 book ‘The Blind Side: Evolution of a game†. The film was set in Memphis, in various environments such as A Christian School, the Tuohy’s household and other areas.This film explores the life of the main character, Michael Oher, and his journey from a sense of dislocation and alienation from those around him, to feeling acceptance and a sense of self identity towards himself. Aspects of belonging explored in this film include the relationships that are developed throughout the film which create for Michael a sense of identity, acceptance, understanding, and the potential for Michael to take a further journey in his life. The connections t hat Michael develops with Leigh Anne Tuohy are the catalyst for the noticeable change that Michael experiences in relation to feeling a sense of inclusion.Outline at least FOUR key ideas about belonging which are represented in your ORT. * The background experiences within his family, he is one of 7 and doesn’t know his father, while his mum is a drug addict. * The journey to a new environment, connections made with people and the place. * The acceptance of Michael and being welcomed into the Tuohy’s household. * Never judge a book by the cover- Leigh Anne Tuohy accepts Michael for who he is, not what he looks like. * From this Film, we understand a new meaning to helping those who are less fortunate, its all the little things that can have a large impact on the individual.Discuss how the composer has used a variety of language modes, forms, features and structures to represent these key ideas? (At least 12 PEEL or TQE for each) FILM TECHNIQUES * Opening sequence- Show s a playback of Lawrence Taylor snapping Jo Thiemann’s leg in 1985. Leigh Anne Tuohy narrates this scene with the voice over narration and she talks about the importance of the tackle position in football to the moulding of Michael Oher and his astounding protective instincts. The long slow motion shot of Michael Oher introduces Michael to the story, with his town home within the background of the shot. The effect of Flashbacks at the moment when Michael was separated from his mother is to give a short insight as to what Michael Oher had experienced. * On Michael’s journey to the new Christian School that will eventually become a second home for Michael there is a panning shot of Michael in the back seat of the car. Visually we can see that Michael’s body language is conveying a sense of shyness, worry and alienation, as if Michael was in a completely different world.This shot also displays the new opportunity that is about to infold for Michael- new place and n ew opportunity. * The close up shot of Michael observing the ‘new world’ clearly conveys the curiosity and separation form the new town that surrounds him. * Dialogue- â€Å"It’s a brave kid†. â€Å"For wanting to come here. † â€Å"For wanting a quality education†. â€Å"I can tell you most young lads with his background wouldn’t come within 200 miles of this place†. The teachers within the Christian School discuss Michaels want to start an education.The teachers state that ‘Most’ young lads with his background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , would not be interested in aiming to achieve something. The automatically judge Michael without knowing who he is as a person. * The use of shot reverse shot of the teacher and Michael whilst in the classroom displays Michael’s unsureness of the new school life and feeling of exclusion from the other children, as well as showing the teachers look of concern and her determination to help Michael. The Film includes a lot of close up shots, in order to convey emotions such as sadness and joy. John Lee Hancock includes close up shots within the film to purposely emphasize the range of emotions that the characters experience, so that it can allow the audience to relate to the position that the characters are in and to help them achieve a re-evaluation of their values, attitudes and beliefs.Discuss similarities between the text â€Å"The simple Gift† composed by Steven Herrick and the film â€Å"The Blind Side† composed by John Lee Hancock. * The relationship that develops between Billy and Old Bill is one that is similar to the relationship between Leigh Anne Tuohy and Michael Oher. To Old Bill, he views Billy as a son and treats him the way that he would treat his own. Leigh Anne Tuohy eventually adopts Michael Oher and the relationship that is developed is one similar to mother and son. Both Billy and Michael both come from a disconnected family in they both had no relationship with their father. Billy and Michael both have experienced a bad lifestyle but then they both start a new journey to a new life, in which they both successfully achieve. Once they have made this journey, a new sense of self identity, acceptance and inclusion is felt strongly and the audience of both stories effectively motivate us to change or re-evaluate our own values, attitudes and beliefs.While this this â€Å"rags to riches† storyline isn't new in the world of Hollywood, it definitely redefines values that have somewhat been lost in our 21st  century society. This film is based on the true story of Michael Oher, who was featured in Michael Lewis' book  The Blind Side: Evolution of the Game. While the screenwriter of The Blind Side, John Lee Hancock, probably took some artistic liberty to make these factual events more heart stirring, whatever the changes may have been, I believe that The Blind Side still remains true to the reality.After wat ching the preview, you already know what is going to happen in the movie; however, the movie truly brings to life Michael Oher's story and goes into depth to show the relationship between Oher and the Touhys. The opening scene of Blind Side shows a playback of Lawrence Taylor snapping Joe Theismann's leg in 1985. Leigh Anne Touhy, played by Sandra Bullock, narrates this scene as she talks about the importance of the tackle position in football to the molding of Michael Oher and his astounding protective instincts.Oher was born to a drug-addicted mother, he had over a dozen siblings and was homeless for years. The Touhy's took Michael Oher, who is played by Quinton Aaron, under their wings and helped him grow into an incredible athlete. For me, there were two incredibly moving scenes. The first was the when Oher told Mrs. Touhy he's never had his own bed before and the second was when Oher called Mrs. Touhy â€Å"Momma† for the first time. At the closing credits, newspaper acc ounts of young men from Oher's part of Memphis that were killed by gang violence were flashed on the screen.There are so many people in this world that are like Michael Oher before he joined the Touhy family. Where might Micheal Oher be today without the help of the Touhys? So, even though you already know how the story ends, The Blind Side is still worth seeing for both the exceptional acting and the moving story of Michael Oher's life. Not only is it just the story of Oher's life though, but it is also a thought-provoking movie that shows that there is still goodwill in this world despite the violence and hatred we see every day. The Blind Side The Blind Side Identify the title, text type, composer and year of publication * ‘The Blind Side’ is a film composed by John Lee Hancock (2009) Identify the context in which your ORT has been set and they key ideas related to the concept of belonging which are represented. * The blind Side was created based on the 2006 book ‘The Blind Side: Evolution of a game†. The film was set in Memphis, in various environments such as A Christian School, the Tuohy’s household and other areas.This film explores the life of the main character, Michael Oher, and his journey from a sense of dislocation and alienation from those around him, to feeling acceptance and a sense of self identity towards himself. Aspects of belonging explored in this film include the relationships that are developed throughout the film which create for Michael a sense of identity, acceptance, understanding, and the potential for Michael to take a further journey in his life. The connections t hat Michael develops with Leigh Anne Tuohy are the catalyst for the noticeable change that Michael experiences in relation to feeling a sense of inclusion.Outline at least FOUR key ideas about belonging which are represented in your ORT. * The background experiences within his family, he is one of 7 and doesn’t know his father, while his mum is a drug addict. * The journey to a new environment, connections made with people and the place. * The acceptance of Michael and being welcomed into the Tuohy’s household. * Never judge a book by the cover- Leigh Anne Tuohy accepts Michael for who he is, not what he looks like. * From this Film, we understand a new meaning to helping those who are less fortunate, its all the little things that can have a large impact on the individual.Discuss how the composer has used a variety of language modes, forms, features and structures to represent these key ideas? (At least 12 PEEL or TQE for each) FILM TECHNIQUES * Opening sequence- Show s a playback of Lawrence Taylor snapping Jo Thiemann’s leg in 1985. Leigh Anne Tuohy narrates this scene with the voice over narration and she talks about the importance of the tackle position in football to the moulding of Michael Oher and his astounding protective instincts. The long slow motion shot of Michael Oher introduces Michael to the story, with his town home within the background of the shot. The effect of Flashbacks at the moment when Michael was separated from his mother is to give a short insight as to what Michael Oher had experienced. * On Michael’s journey to the new Christian School that will eventually become a second home for Michael there is a panning shot of Michael in the back seat of the car. Visually we can see that Michael’s body language is conveying a sense of shyness, worry and alienation, as if Michael was in a completely different world.This shot also displays the new opportunity that is about to infold for Michael- new place and n ew opportunity. * The close up shot of Michael observing the ‘new world’ clearly conveys the curiosity and separation form the new town that surrounds him. * Dialogue- â€Å"It’s a brave kid†. â€Å"For wanting to come here. † â€Å"For wanting a quality education†. â€Å"I can tell you most young lads with his background wouldn’t come within 200 miles of this place†. The teachers within the Christian School discuss Michaels want to start an education.The teachers state that ‘Most’ young lads with his background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , would not be interested in aiming to achieve something. The automatically judge Michael without knowing who he is as a person. * The use of shot reverse shot of the teacher and Michael whilst in the classroom displays Michael’s unsureness of the new school life and feeling of exclusion from the other children, as well as showing the teachers look of concern and her determination to help Michael. The Film includes a lot of close up shots, in order to convey emotions such as sadness and joy. John Lee Hancock includes close up shots within the film to purposely emphasize the range of emotions that the characters experience, so that it can allow the audience to relate to the position that the characters are in and to help them achieve a re-evaluation of their values, attitudes and beliefs.Discuss similarities between the text â€Å"The simple Gift† composed by Steven Herrick and the film â€Å"The Blind Side† composed by John Lee Hancock. * The relationship that develops between Billy and Old Bill is one that is similar to the relationship between Leigh Anne Tuohy and Michael Oher. To Old Bill, he views Billy as a son and treats him the way that he would treat his own. Leigh Anne Tuohy eventually adopts Michael Oher and the relationship that is developed is one similar to mother and son. Both Billy and Michael both come from a disconnected family in they both had no relationship with their father. Billy and Michael both have experienced a bad lifestyle but then they both start a new journey to a new life, in which they both successfully achieve. Once they have made this journey, a new sense of self identity, acceptance and inclusion is felt strongly and the audience of both stories effectively motivate us to change or re-evaluate our own values, attitudes and beliefs.While this this â€Å"rags to riches† storyline isn't new in the world of Hollywood, it definitely redefines values that have somewhat been lost in our 21st  century society. This film is based on the true story of Michael Oher, who was featured in Michael Lewis' book  The Blind Side: Evolution of the Game. While the screenwriter of The Blind Side, John Lee Hancock, probably took some artistic liberty to make these factual events more heart stirring, whatever the changes may have been, I believe that The Blind Side still remains true to the reality.After wat ching the preview, you already know what is going to happen in the movie; however, the movie truly brings to life Michael Oher's story and goes into depth to show the relationship between Oher and the Touhys. The opening scene of Blind Side shows a playback of Lawrence Taylor snapping Joe Theismann's leg in 1985. Leigh Anne Touhy, played by Sandra Bullock, narrates this scene as she talks about the importance of the tackle position in football to the molding of Michael Oher and his astounding protective instincts.Oher was born to a drug-addicted mother, he had over a dozen siblings and was homeless for years. The Touhy's took Michael Oher, who is played by Quinton Aaron, under their wings and helped him grow into an incredible athlete. For me, there were two incredibly moving scenes. The first was the when Oher told Mrs. Touhy he's never had his own bed before and the second was when Oher called Mrs. Touhy â€Å"Momma† for the first time. At the closing credits, newspaper acc ounts of young men from Oher's part of Memphis that were killed by gang violence were flashed on the screen.There are so many people in this world that are like Michael Oher before he joined the Touhy family. Where might Micheal Oher be today without the help of the Touhys? So, even though you already know how the story ends, The Blind Side is still worth seeing for both the exceptional acting and the moving story of Michael Oher's life. Not only is it just the story of Oher's life though, but it is also a thought-provoking movie that shows that there is still goodwill in this world despite the violence and hatred we see every day. The Blind Side The Blind Side Identify the title, text type, composer and year of publication * ‘The Blind Side’ is a film composed by John Lee Hancock (2009) Identify the context in which your ORT has been set and they key ideas related to the concept of belonging which are represented. * The blind Side was created based on the 2006 book ‘The Blind Side: Evolution of a game†. The film was set in Memphis, in various environments such as A Christian School, the Tuohy’s household and other areas.This film explores the life of the main character, Michael Oher, and his journey from a sense of dislocation and alienation from those around him, to feeling acceptance and a sense of self identity towards himself. Aspects of belonging explored in this film include the relationships that are developed throughout the film which create for Michael a sense of identity, acceptance, understanding, and the potential for Michael to take a further journey in his life. The connections t hat Michael develops with Leigh Anne Tuohy are the catalyst for the noticeable change that Michael experiences in relation to feeling a sense of inclusion.Outline at least FOUR key ideas about belonging which are represented in your ORT. * The background experiences within his family, he is one of 7 and doesn’t know his father, while his mum is a drug addict. * The journey to a new environment, connections made with people and the place. * The acceptance of Michael and being welcomed into the Tuohy’s household. * Never judge a book by the cover- Leigh Anne Tuohy accepts Michael for who he is, not what he looks like. * From this Film, we understand a new meaning to helping those who are less fortunate, its all the little things that can have a large impact on the individual.Discuss how the composer has used a variety of language modes, forms, features and structures to represent these key ideas? (At least 12 PEEL or TQE for each) FILM TECHNIQUES * Opening sequence- Show s a playback of Lawrence Taylor snapping Jo Thiemann’s leg in 1985. Leigh Anne Tuohy narrates this scene with the voice over narration and she talks about the importance of the tackle position in football to the moulding of Michael Oher and his astounding protective instincts. The long slow motion shot of Michael Oher introduces Michael to the story, with his town home within the background of the shot. The effect of Flashbacks at the moment when Michael was separated from his mother is to give a short insight as to what Michael Oher had experienced. * On Michael’s journey to the new Christian School that will eventually become a second home for Michael there is a panning shot of Michael in the back seat of the car. Visually we can see that Michael’s body language is conveying a sense of shyness, worry and alienation, as if Michael was in a completely different world.This shot also displays the new opportunity that is about to infold for Michael- new place and n ew opportunity. * The close up shot of Michael observing the ‘new world’ clearly conveys the curiosity and separation form the new town that surrounds him. * Dialogue- â€Å"It’s a brave kid†. â€Å"For wanting to come here. † â€Å"For wanting a quality education†. â€Å"I can tell you most young lads with his background wouldn’t come within 200 miles of this place†. The teachers within the Christian School discuss Michaels want to start an education.The teachers state that ‘Most’ young lads with his background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , would not be interested in aiming to achieve something. The automatically judge Michael without knowing who he is as a person. * The use of shot reverse shot of the teacher and Michael whilst in the classroom displays Michael’s unsureness of the new school life and feeling of exclusion from the other children, as well as showing the teachers look of concern and her determination to help Michael. The Film includes a lot of close up shots, in order to convey emotions such as sadness and joy. John Lee Hancock includes close up shots within the film to purposely emphasize the range of emotions that the characters experience, so that it can allow the audience to relate to the position that the characters are in and to help them achieve a re-evaluation of their values, attitudes and beliefs.Discuss similarities between the text â€Å"The simple Gift† composed by Steven Herrick and the film â€Å"The Blind Side† composed by John Lee Hancock. * The relationship that develops between Billy and Old Bill is one that is similar to the relationship between Leigh Anne Tuohy and Michael Oher. To Old Bill, he views Billy as a son and treats him the way that he would treat his own. Leigh Anne Tuohy eventually adopts Michael Oher and the relationship that is developed is one similar to mother and son. Both Billy and Michael both come from a disconnected family in they both had no relationship with their father. Billy and Michael both have experienced a bad lifestyle but then they both start a new journey to a new life, in which they both successfully achieve. Once they have made this journey, a new sense of self identity, acceptance and inclusion is felt strongly and the audience of both stories effectively motivate us to change or re-evaluate our own values, attitudes and beliefs.While this this â€Å"rags to riches† storyline isn't new in the world of Hollywood, it definitely redefines values that have somewhat been lost in our 21st  century society. This film is based on the true story of Michael Oher, who was featured in Michael Lewis' book  The Blind Side: Evolution of the Game. While the screenwriter of The Blind Side, John Lee Hancock, probably took some artistic liberty to make these factual events more heart stirring, whatever the changes may have been, I believe that The Blind Side still remains true to the reality.After wat ching the preview, you already know what is going to happen in the movie; however, the movie truly brings to life Michael Oher's story and goes into depth to show the relationship between Oher and the Touhys. The opening scene of Blind Side shows a playback of Lawrence Taylor snapping Joe Theismann's leg in 1985. Leigh Anne Touhy, played by Sandra Bullock, narrates this scene as she talks about the importance of the tackle position in football to the molding of Michael Oher and his astounding protective instincts.Oher was born to a drug-addicted mother, he had over a dozen siblings and was homeless for years. The Touhy's took Michael Oher, who is played by Quinton Aaron, under their wings and helped him grow into an incredible athlete. For me, there were two incredibly moving scenes. The first was the when Oher told Mrs. Touhy he's never had his own bed before and the second was when Oher called Mrs. Touhy â€Å"Momma† for the first time. At the closing credits, newspaper acc ounts of young men from Oher's part of Memphis that were killed by gang violence were flashed on the screen.There are so many people in this world that are like Michael Oher before he joined the Touhy family. Where might Micheal Oher be today without the help of the Touhys? So, even though you already know how the story ends, The Blind Side is still worth seeing for both the exceptional acting and the moving story of Michael Oher's life. Not only is it just the story of Oher's life though, but it is also a thought-provoking movie that shows that there is still goodwill in this world despite the violence and hatred we see every day.