Identification and analysis of DNA repair mechanisms Thesis

Identification and analysis of DNA repair mechanisms - Thesis Example In both of these cases, DNA repair systems involve the use of the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 complex. This project aims to identify and examine what DNA repair systems are present in the cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and how these contribute to resistance to treatment with nucleoside analogues. This information should help to provide further insight into the way in which human cells are able to develop resistance to this form of treatment, and perhaps provide some indication of a method to prevent this. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 DNA repair and cancer 6 DNA replication 7 DNA repair 9 MRN Complex 11 Topoisomerase inhibitors 13 Nucleoside analogues 15 Involvement of DNA repair 17 Project System 20 Aims and Objectives 21 References 22 Introduction In everyday life, cells are exposed to external and internal agents that cause thousands of DNA mutations per day. These mutations range from being small, such as affecting a single nucleotide, to large mutations where accurate rep air can be difficult. For the accurate propagation of the genetic information within cells, it is essential that the body has mechanisms of repairing damage in a reliable manner. However, while many methods for DNA repair exist, these are not always successful and mutations can accumulate, resulting in the development of cancer (Helleday et al., 2007). Understanding these processes, why they occur the way that they do and what can be done to influence these is crucial for knowing the way that cancer occurs, and determining methods of treating it effectively. In our modern society, cancer has remained one of the most well studied diseases and perhaps one of the least understood. The fundamental aspects of cancer are damage in the DNA of a cell that results in a lack of control over cell growth and replication, as well reducing the likelihood that cells will enter apoptosis. These cells are able to proliferate well beyond the normal constraints of the tissue that they are in (Loeb and Loeb, 2000). With high levels of replication and low cell death, abnormal cells build up within the body and interfere with body functions. The exact mechanisms that causes these mutations to occur, and allows the cells to break free of the cell control pathway are the focus of much current research into cancer, as understanding these pathways may help to develop treatment or prevent cells from entering this state. Cancer is a disease where mutations in DNA accumulate to the point that traditional controls over cell behaviour can be bypassed, often involving the accumulation of mutations in genes responsible for the birth or death of the cell, as well as controls over the cell cycle (Lengauer et al., 1998). Research indicates that the tumours developed as the result of cancer are heterogeneous (Loeb et al., 2003). Because of this, cancer needs to be thought of as a collection of disease rather than a single disease (Huang et al., 2006). This is an important factor when studying can cer, as it explains why some mechanisms are prevalent in some forms of cancer, but not others. Genetic instability is thought to be one of the driving factors of the development of tumours and this in turn is driven by DNA damage and errors in the replication machinery. However, spontaneous mutation is only one aspect of the puzzle, and the prevalence of cancer development and succession of mutations

Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Letter - Essay Example There is no doubt that Facebook has become an outlet for self-aggrandizement represented in such a way that mundane things become magnified and disseminated in mere seconds. There are even times when the venue could jeopardize connections, relationships and even jobs. But this need for information, regardless of necessity is the very reason Facebook survives and will continue to do so for some time. As the author so aptly puts it, â€Å"If someone is offering you a carrot you did not pay for, chances are that there is a stick somewhere.† I think many people feel the same way towards Facebook as a social networking site. Those who abhor it and never attempts to join and those who have joined but decided to uphold their privacy later on or just out of boredom. But the fact still remains that it has given people something to talk about, online or on other medium such as magazine articles. It has diversified life as we know it. Relationships, as pointed out, have become virtual in nature and the interesting idiosyncrasies of human communication have drastically changed. But this is not to say absolutely that everything Facebook has offered is negative. As they say, different strokes for different folks.

Huck Finn and The Censorship of the word nigger Research Paper

Huck Finn and The Censorship of the word nigger - Research Paper Example Words have colors and it’s meant to be that way especially if one is as the literary genius as Mark Twain. However, there are things to consider in executing ideas through words such as kind of audience, sensitivity of audience, appropriateness in setting, and the likes of these. Censorship is the ultimate resort in filtering some content that seems inappropriate in situation and kind of audience. Censorship is the â€Å"suppression of words, images, or ideas that are offensive, happens whenever some people succeed in imposing their personal political or moral values on others.† (American Civil Liberties Union 2006) The implementation of censorship can be done by the government and can also be carried out by some private sectors that are concerned with the case by appellation. Pornography, violence, and slurs are the subjects that are often being censored if being presented for general viewing. Figure 1 Huck Finn and Jim History. The censorship of Huckleberry Finn doesn ’t take place recently. Huck Finn was highly criticized and equally censored one year upon its publication. The book was banned at Concord Public Library in 1885. The library declared Twain’s book to be â€Å"demeaning and damaging† with its crude language. This particularly pertains to the use of Twain of the word â€Å"nigger† for over 200 times in the book, as well as the slang â€Å"injun† that is meant to be a derogatory term for American Natives. Brooklyn Public Library in New York had followed Concord Library’s lead in pulling out their copies of Mark Twain’s controversial book in 1905. They have explained that â€Å"Huck not only itched but scratched, and that he said sweat when he should have said perspiration.† Contemporaries’ Stand. Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women, had berated publicly Twain with the kind of writing he did with the book. She commented, â€Å"If Mr. Clemens cannot think of something but to tell our pure-minded lads and lasses he had best stop writing for them.† On the other hand, Twain found a defender in Ernest Hemingway. â€Å"It’s the best book we’ve had,† Hemingway praised Twain’s Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain was just fortunate during his time as his fans outnumbered his critics, that’s why the censorship of the of the context that time was not as persuasive as today. In Other Media. Due to the censorship controversy of Huckleberry Finn, the CBS had produced TV-movie adaptation of the novel in 1955 without casting any African-American actor to portray the slave Jim. It did not even tackle the subject of slavery which is its prominent theme in the novel. The result is a safe material for general viewing but lacks the complete thought that Twain had intended to convey. It also appeared to be racist for casting non-black actors while a black character has prominent role in the story. The New Huck Finn: Censored. The new U.S. edition of Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn has now the words â€Å"slaves† replaced the more than 200 â€Å"nigger† word. Mark Twain is obviously an anti-racist and Huckleberry Finn is actually the book that holds the strong message of his disconformities with the dehumanized treatment to the non-white race. The evidence is that through its disturbing dialogue courtesy of Huck and his Aunt Sally. â€Å"No’m. Killed a rigger,† answered Huck when Aunt Sally asked him upon hearing about the riverboat explosion. â€Å"Well, it’s lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt,† replied by Aunt Sally. The insensitivity to the misfortune of the black people is very visible in the context. Prof. Alan Gribben, a scholar of Twain, had

Operational Management Issues for Services - The dimensions of Essay

Operational Management Issues for Services - The dimensions of operations management - Essay Example Tactical issues or factors entail methods of project management, structure and layout of plant, selection as well as replacement of equipment. The issues in operations include management of inventory, inspection and quality control, policies of equipment management (MIT Sloan School of Management, 2013). Operations management issues for services comprise various aspects that entail development of new services, managing experience in services, analysing the process along with yield management among others (Johnston & Clark, 2005). Service is the hub of economy in every society. Services, infrastructure and communication play a significant role in every sector of economy. Services in government play a stabilising role in the environment in terms of growth in economy and investments (Fitzsimmons & Fitzsimmons, 2004). The dimensions of operational management comprise four types that include finance, internal process, customers and learning and innovation. In the aspect of financial dimen sion, it can be stated that most of the business organisations look for profit by attaining the objectives in the financial aspects in the short-term, resulting in maintaining profits along with enhancing the productivity of the organisation. Customers are a key aspect to an organisation. The objective of on organisation is to maximise the sales by providing quality products to customers and generating greater revenues for the organisation. Adequate optimisation of internal processes results in satisfaction of the customers along with enhancing profits for the organisation. It can be stated that process of innovation facilitates to develop the process of manufacturing, which in turn results in earning greater profits by satisfying the demands of the customers with quality products (Mack, 2013). Automobile industry in terms of service operations management generates various kinds of issues that include ensuring timely and efficient support to operations, product stocking and security . Operational service offers services related to security management along with receiving deliveries of vehicles as well as ensuring reliability and high quality of support from back office. Ensuring effective management of inventory, controlling and managing every aspect of inventory of stock, maintenance and timely delivery of service along with quality assurance of products can also be considered as significant aspects in service operations management (GulfTalent.com, 2012). Service operations management is the concept that is used by the management in service operations which covers various activities, liabilities and decisions. These operations are executed in a variety of services in the business environment (Johnston & Clark, 2008). With these considerations, the essay intends to discuss the dimensions of operations management. Moreover, the various critical challenges in terms of operations management faced by a Head of Operations of automobile industry will be taken into co ncern in

Spending city money on a public library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spending city money on a public library - Essay Example It brings people and ideas together. The librarians are as well an important element as they educate people on how to get access to information (Quick et al. 81). A library will offer access to everyone regardless, unlike a club that will only allow certain age bracket or will be accessed by revelers only. A library is an investment in the future of the society because the libraries will offer the programs that can meet the economic needs of a community (Quick et al.67). Thus, it is important for combating the economic downturn. They provide invaluable resources for those seeking jobs as most people can utilize the library to access the internet. Therefore, it helps bridging the gap between the haves and have-nots in matters internet access (Quick et al. 53). This is a very effective service to invest in for public consumption providing positive returns on the investments. Investing in a library is investing in generations of a people. This is because their cognitive ability will be enhanced by the learning they get from this facility. And not to mention, education is power. How successful can a society be with this access to information? It is the best place to invest public

Business to Business Marketing and Business-to-Consumer Business Research Paper - 2

Business to Business Marketing and Business-to-Consumer Business - Research Paper Example Many business organizations are now implementing social media to get connect with their business clients and consumers. However, business organizations are using very much similar tools within the business process (Brito and Lewis, 2011, p.177). Therefore, the employees of business firms can get connected with each other. When the communication process is taking place among the employees, it can be referred to as B2B communication. Saxon Plumbing Service London Ltd. (SPSL) is a small organization that used to provide plumbing services to the SMEs in south London. Now they are trying to expand their business in by setting up a new office in Manchester. Moreover, they are trying to implement B2C process in their business. The objective of the study is to find the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of the B2C business process to both the customers and business. Sales Force Developing a new office is most certainly a right step towards the ambitious plan of expansion. The move made by the management to deploy is most certainly a right move made by the company to promote business and develop a customer base. However, in order to be successful, the management must organize the sales force properly to achieve the desired level of output. However, the sales force may not be the solution to all the questions. The company has to rely on some other promotional techniques/ mediums to increase brand awareness and customer base. This section of the study provides a critical analysis as to how the management should organize and manage the sales force, appropriateness of the move of the company to deploy sales force and also other probable ways to increase brand awareness. Sales Force Vs Other methods of promotion According to the 4 Ps of marketing and the marketing mix concept the 4th P of the marketing mix is the promotion or communication. The elements of the promotional mix are an advertisement, sales promotion, personal selling, and public relations. Among this advertisement is probably the most common and popular way to reach out to masses, generate demand and brand awareness. Sales promotion is a great technique to provide promotional offers to increase brand awareness. Public relations are all about developing the relationship between the public (client) and the company (Kitchen and Proctor, 2001, p.280). Personal selling, on the other hand, can be defined as the person to person interaction between the seller and the prospect (buyer). Keeping the on-current circumstances in mind it can be understood that advertisement, public relations seems the two best options. But there are certain constraints such as financial resources and budget. Also, the company uses word of mouth or viral marketing to generate awareness and increase customer base. Personal selling is one of the best ways to develop and manage personal relationships with the client that pays the rich dividend in case of generating positive word of mouth.

Compose own question Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compose own question - Literature review Example In general, this study presumes that the potential success of Shangri-la hotel was very much dependent on the company’s ability to meet the needs and wants of prospective clients. Therefore, this study aims to address the following research questions: (1) What are the branding strategies currently being used by Shangri-la hotel?; (2) How does Shangri-la hotel benefit from its branding strategies?; and (3) What is the significance of brand positioning and branding within the modern international tourism industry? Chapter II – Literature Review 2.1 Current Branding Strategies of Shangri-la Hotel First of all, it is essential to take note that the target customers of Shangri-la are the influential people who are able to pay first-rate price for its food and lodging services. Meaning, this particular hotel company has positioned its brand as one that offers luxury hotel products and services (Shangri-La, 2013a). This explains why Shangri-la continuously serve the best quali ty products and maintains its stylish, modern, and motivational architectural and interior design (Shangri-La, 2013c). As a result, Shangri-la created a competitive advantage which allows them to charge its customers with hotel accommodation fee much higher than the fee of other hotels worldwide (Schmitt and Rogers, 2008, p. 79). Generally, multinational companies such as Shangri-la uses a global advertising strategy as part of their global campaigns (Jiang and Wei, 2012). To establish and reinforce Shangri-la’s brand image, the top management of this particular hotel group uses either social networking sites or e-mail when advertising and promoting their special offers on bridal packages among others (Facebook, 2013). In some cases, Shangri-la has posted its special offers on bridal magazines (Shangri-La, 2013d). Customers’ satisfaction is strongly influenced by its brand image. In most cases, customers who are satisfied with what they receive from the hotel may end u p developing a stronger brand recognition and eventually remain loyal to the brand (Clottey, Collier and Stodnick, 2008). To bring high quality service, Shangri-la offers important training and development programme for the benefit of its employees (Shangri-La, 2013e). Not all people can afford the high price of Shangri-la’s accommodation rate. Associated to the brand of Shangri-la, this particular hotel company created a separate brand and eventually positioned it as a hotel that offers cheaper and more affordable rate for its hotel service (Kerry Hotels, 2013). For example, â€Å"Traders Hotel† was established to serve the lodging needs of the price-sensitive clients worldwide (Traders Hotels, 2013). To serve the Chinese community in Beijing, Shangri-la established the â€Å"Kerry Hotel† sometime in 2011 (Kerry Hotels, 2013). 2.2 Advantages of Shangri-La’s Existing Branding Strategies Advertising is necessary to create brand familiarity or make Shangri- la’s target customers feel special and associated with the brand (Fuchs, 2008). Often times, brand familiarity increases not only the customers’